While brake systems vary by make and model, the basic system consists of disc brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear. Connected by a series of tubes and hoses, your brakes are linked to each wheel and the master cylinder by said network, which supply them with vital brake fluid (hydraulic fluid). Most systems are also equipped with an electrical anti-lock system that will keep the the wheels from locking up while braking. This will allow for better control and shorter stopping distance increasing safety.
Disc Brakes:
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Disc brake rotors and pads
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Calipers and hardware
Drum Brakes:
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Brake drums and shoes
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Wheel cylinders
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Return and hold down springs
Parking Brake:
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Cables
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Pads or shoes
Hydraulic System:
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Master cylinder
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Brake fluid and hoses
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Power booster
Anti-lock system:
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Computer
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Pump
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Speed sensors